PULMONIC CONSONANTS
- In this table, the listed consonants are produced with pulmonic egressive airflow.
- Column headers show place of articulation. Row headers show manner of articulation.
- Cells marked ⠀ denote articulations judged possible, but with no standalone IPA symbol.
- Cells marked ❌ denote articulations judged impossible.
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar or Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal or Epiglottal | Glottal | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | |
| Plosive (Oral stop) |
VOICELESS BILABIAL PLOSIVE
⠏
Latin symbol lowercase PIPA #101 |
VOICED BILABIAL PLOSIVE
⠃
Latin symbol lowercase BIPA #102 |
VOICELESS LABIODENTAL PLOSIVE
⠏⠠⠹
Latin symbols lowercase P & subscript bridgeIPA #101 & #408 |
VOICED LABIODENTAL PLOSIVE
⠃⠠⠹
Latin symbols lowercase B & subscript bridgeIPA #102 & #408 |
VOICELESS DENTAL PLOSIVE
⠞⠠⠹
Latin symbols lowercase T & subscript bridgeIPA #103 & #408 |
VOICED DENTAL PLOSIVE
⠙⠠⠹
Latin symbols lowercase D & subscript bridgeIPA #104 & #408 |
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR PLOSIVE
⠞
Latin symbol lowercase TIPA #103 |
VOICED ALVEOLAR PLOSIVE
⠙
Latin symbol lowercase DIPA #104 |
VOICELESS PALATO-ALVEOLAR PLOSIVE
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PALATO-ALVEOLAR PLOSIVE
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS RETROFLEX PLOSIVE
⠲⠞
Latin symbol right-tail TIPA #105 |
VOICED RETROFLEX PLOSIVE
⠲⠙
Latin symbol right-tail DIPA #106 |
VOICELESS PALATAL PLOSIVE
⠉
Latin symbol lowercase CIPA #107 |
VOICED PALATAL PLOSIVE
⠔⠚
Latin symbol barred dotless JIPA #108 |
VOICELESS VELAR PLOSIVE
⠅
Latin symbol lowercase KIPA #109 |
VOICED VELAR PLOSIVE
⠛
Latin symbol open-tail G; or, script GIPA #110 |
VOICELESS UVULAR PLOSIVE
⠟
Latin symbol lowercase QIPA #111 |
VOICED UVULAR PLOSIVE
⠔⠛
Latin symbol small capital GIPA #112 |
VOICELESS EPIGLOTTAL (or PHARYNGEAL) PLOSIVE
⠦⠆
Latin symbol glottal stop with strokeIPA #173 |
VOICED EPIGLOTTAL (or PHARYNGEAL) PLOSIVE
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
(VOICELESS) GLOTTAL PLOSIVE
⠆
Latin symbol glottal stopIPA #113 |
VOICED GLOTTAL PLOSIVE
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
| Nasal (Nasal stop) |
VOICELESS BILABIAL NASAL
⠍⠠⠫
Latin symbols lowercase M & under-ringIPA #114 & #402A |
VOICED BILABIAL NASAL
⠍
Latin symbol lowercase MIPA #114 |
VOICELESS LABIODENTAL NASAL
⠖⠍⠈⠫
Latin symbols left-tail M (at right) & over-ringIPA #115 & #402B |
VOICED LABIODENTAL NASAL
⠖⠍
Latin symbol left-tail M (at right)IPA #115 |
VOICELESS DENTAL NASAL
⠝⠠⠹⠠⠫
lowercase N, subscript bridge & under-ringIPA #104, #408 & #402A |
VOICED DENTAL NASAL
⠝⠠⠹
Latin symbols lowercase N & subscript bridgeIPA #104 & #408 |
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR NASAL
⠝⠠⠫
Latin symbols lowercase N & under-ringIPA #104 & #402A |
VOICED ALVEOLAR NASAL
⠝
Latin symbol lowercase NIPA #104 |
VOICELESS PALATO-ALVEOLAR NASAL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PALATO-ALVEOLAR NASAL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS RETROFLEX NASAL
⠲⠝⠈⠫
Latin symbols right-tail N & over-ringIPA #117 & #402B |
VOICED RETROFLEX NASAL
⠲⠝
Latin symbol right-tail NIPA #117 |
VOICELESS PALATAL NASAL
⠿⠈⠫
Latin symbols left-tail N (at left) & over-ringIPA #118 & #402B |
VOICED PALATAL NASAL
⠿
Latin symbol left-tail N (at left)IPA #118 |
VOICELESS VELAR NASAL
⠫⠈⠫
Latin symbols eng & over-ringIPA #119 & #402B |
VOICED VELAR NASAL
⠫
Latin symbol engIPA #119 |
VOICELESS UVULAR NASAL
⠔⠝⠠⠫
Latin symbols small capital N & under-ringIPA #120 & #402A |
VOICED UVULAR NASAL
⠔⠝
Latin symbol small capital NIPA #120 |
VOICELESS PHARYNGEAL NASAL
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICED PHARYNGEAL NASAL
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS GLOTTAL NASAL
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICED GLOTTAL NASAL
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
| Trill |
VOICELESS BILABIAL TRILL
⠔⠃⠠⠫
Latin symbols small capital B & under-ringIPA #121 & #402A |
VOICED BILABIAL TRILL
⠔⠃
Latin symbol small capital BIPA #121 |
VOICELESS LABIODENTAL TRILL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED LABIODENTAL TRILL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS DENTAL TRILL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED DENTAL TRILL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR TRILL
⠗⠠⠫
Latin symbols lowercase R & under-ringIPA #122 & #402A |
VOICED ALVEOLAR TRILL
⠗
Latin symbol lowercase RIPA #122 |
VOICELESS PALATO-ALVEOLAR TRILL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PALATO-ALVEOLAR TRILL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS RETROFLEX TRILL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED RETROFLEX TRILL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS PALATAL TRILL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PALATAL TRILL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS VELAR TRILL
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICED VELAR TRILL
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS UVULAR TRILL
⠔⠗⠠⠫
Latin symbols small capital R & under-ringIPA #123 & #402A |
VOICED UVULAR TRILL
⠔⠗
Latin symbol small capital RIPA #123 |
VOICELESS PHARYNGEAL TRILL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PHARYNGEAL TRILL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED GLOTTAL TRILL
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICED GLOTTAL TRILL
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
| Tap or flap |
VOICELESS BILABIAL FLAP
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED BILABIAL FLAP
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS LABIODENTAL FLAP
⠖⠧⠠⠫
Latin symbols right-hook V & under-ringIPA #184 & #402A |
VOICED LABIODENTAL FLAP
⠖⠧
Latin symbol right-hook VIPA #184 |
VOICELESS DENTAL FLAP
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED DENTAL FLAP
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR TAP
⠖⠗⠠⠫
Latin symbols fish-hook R & under-ringIPA #124 & #402A |
VOICED ALVEOLAR TAP
⠖⠗
Latin symbol fish-hook RIPA #124
VOICED ALVEOLAR LATERAL FLAP
⠦⠼
Latin symbol turned long-leg RIPA #181 |
VOICELESS PALATO-ALVEOLAR TAP
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PALATO-ALVEOLAR TAP
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS RETROFLEX FLAP
⠲⠗⠈⠫
Latin symbols right-tail R & over-ringIPA #125 & #402B |
VOICED RETROFLEX FLAP
⠲⠗
Latin symbol right-tail RIPA #125
Unofficial symbol
VOICED RETROFLEX LATERAL FLAP
⠲⠦⠼
Latin symbol turned R with long leg and retroflex hookIPA #unassigned |
VOICELESS PALATAL FLAP
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PALATAL FLAP
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS VELAR FLAP
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICED VELAR FLAP
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS UVULAR FLAP
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED UVULAR FLAP
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS PHARYNGEAL FLAP
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PHARYNGEAL FLAP
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS GLOTTAL FLAP
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICED GLOTTAL FLAP
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
| Affricate |
VOICELESS BILABIAL AFFRICATE
⠏⠐⠨⠋
Latin symbols lowercase P, top tie bar & phiIPA #101, #433 & #126 |
VOICED BILABIAL AFFRICATE
⠃⠐⠨⠃
Latin symbols lowercase B, top tie bar & betaIPA #102, #433 & #127 |
VOICELESS LABIODENTAL AFFRICATE
⠏⠠⠹⠐⠋
Latin symbols lowercase P, subscript bridge, top tie bar & lowercase FIPA #101, #408, #433 & #128 |
VOICED LABIODENTAL AFFRICATE
⠃⠠⠹⠐⠧
Latin symbols lowercase B, subscript bridge, top tie bar & lowercase VIPA #102, #408, #433 & #129 |
VOICELESS DENTAL AFFRICATE
⠞⠠⠹⠐⠨⠹
Latin symbols lowercase T, subscript bridge, top tie bar & thetaIPA #103, #408, #433 & #130 |
VOICED DENTAL AFFRICATE
⠙⠠⠹⠐⠻
Latin symbols lowercase D, subscript bridge, top tie bar & ethIPA #104, #408, #433 & #131 |
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR AFFRICATE
⠞⠐⠎
Latin symbols lowercase T, top tie bar & lowercase SIPA #103, #433 & #132
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR LATERAL AFFRICATE
⠞⠐⠦⠇
Latin symbols lowercase T, top tie bar & belted LIPA #103, #433 & #148 |
VOICED ALVEOLAR AFFRICATE
⠙⠐⠵
Latin symbols lowercase D, top tie bar & lowercase ZIPA #104, #433 & #133
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR LATERAL AFFRICATE
⠙⠐⠇⠐⠮
Latin symbols lowercase D, top tie bar & L–Ezh ligatureIPA #104, #433 & #149 |
VOICELESS PALATO-ALVEOLAR AFFRICATE
⠞⠐⠱
Latin symbols lowercase T, top tie bar & eshIPA #103, #433 & #134 |
VOICED PALATO-ALVEOLAR AFFRICATE
⠙⠐⠮
Latin symbols lowercase D, top tie bar & ezhIPA #104, #433 & #135 |
VOICELESS RETROFLEX AFFRICATE
⠲⠞⠐⠲⠎
Latin symbols right-tail T, top tie bar & right-tail S (at left)IPA #105, #433 & #136 |
VOICED RETROFLEX AFFRICATE
⠲⠙⠐⠲⠵
Latin symbols right-tail D, top tie bar & right-tail ZIPA #106, #433 & #137 |
VOICELESS PALATAL AFFRICATE
⠉⠐⠖⠉
Latin symbols lowercase C, top tie bar & C cedillaIPA #107, #433 & #138
VOICELESS ALVEOLO-PALATAL AFFRICATE
⠞⠐⠦⠉
Latin symbols lowercase T, top tie bar & curly-tail CIPA #103, #433 & #182 |
VOICED PALATAL AFFRICATE
⠔⠚⠐⠦⠚
Latin symbols barred dotless J, top tie bar & curly-tail JIPA #108, #433 & #139
VOICED ALVEOLO-PALATAL AFFRICATE
⠙⠐⠦⠵
Latin symbols lowercase D, top tie bar & curly-tail ZIPA #104, #433 & #183 |
VOICELESS VELAR AFFRICATE
⠅⠐⠭
Latin symbols lowercase K, top tie bar & lowercase XIPA #109, #433 & #140 |
VOICED VELAR AFFRICATE
⠛⠐⠨⠛
Latin symbols open-tail G, top tie bar & gammaIPA #110, #433 & #141 |
VOICELESS UVULAR AFFRICATE
⠟⠐⠨⠯
Latin symbols lowercase Q, top tie bar & chiIPA #111, #433 & #142 |
VOICED UVULAR AFFRICATE
⠔⠛⠐⠔⠼
Latin symbols small capital G, top tie bar & inverted small capital RIPA #112, #433 & #143 |
VOICELESS PHARYNGEAL AFFRICATE
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PHARYNGEAL AFFRICATE
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS GLOTTAL AFFRICATE
⠆⠐⠓
Latin symbols glottal stop, top tie bar & lowercase HIPA #113, #433 & #146 |
VOICED GLOTTAL AFFRICATE
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
| Fricative |
VOICELESS BILABIAL FRICATIVE
⠨⠋
Latin symbol phiIPA #126 |
VOICED BILABIAL FRICATIVE
⠨⠃
Latin symbol betaIPA #127 |
VOICELESS LABIODENTAL FRICATIVE
⠋
Latin symbol lowercase FIPA #128 |
VOICED LABIODENTAL FRICATIVE
⠧
Latin symbol lowercase VIPA #129 |
VOICELESS DENTAL FRICATIVE
⠨⠹
Latin symbol thetaIPA #130 |
VOICED DENTAL FRICATIVE
⠻
Latin symbol ethIPA #131 |
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE
⠎
Latin symbol lowercase SIPA #132
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR LATERAL FRICATIVE
⠦⠇
Latin symbol belted LIPA #148 |
VOICED ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE
⠵
Latin symbol lowercase ZIPA #133
VOICED ALVEOLAR LATERAL FRICATIVE
⠇⠐⠮
Latin symbol L–Ezh ligatureIPA #149 |
VOICELESS PALATO-ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE
⠱
Latin symbol eshIPA #134
SIMULTANEOUS VOICELESS PALATO-ALVEOLAR and VELAR FRICATIVE
⠦⠫
Latin symbol hooktop hengIPA #175 |
VOICED PALATO-ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE
⠮
Latin symbol ezhIPA #135 |
VOICELESS RETROFLEX FRICATIVE
⠲⠎
Latin symbol right-tail S (at left)IPA #136 |
VOICED RETROFLEX FRICATIVE
⠲⠵
Latin symbol right-tail ZIPA #137 |
VOICELESS PALATAL FRICATIVE
⠖⠉
Latin symbol C cedillaIPA #138
VOICELESS ALVEOLO-PALATAL FRICATIVE
⠦⠉
Latin symbol curly-tail CIPA #182 |
VOICED PALATAL FRICATIVE
⠦⠚
Latin symbol curly-tail JIPA #139
VOICED ALVEOLO-PALATAL FRICATIVE
⠦⠵
Latin symbol curly-tail ZIPA #183 |
VOICELESS VELAR FRICATIVE
⠭
Latin symbol lowercase XIPA #140 |
VOICED VELAR FRICATIVE
⠨⠛
Latin symbol gammaIPA #141 |
VOICELESS UVULAR FRICATIVE
⠨⠯
Latin symbol chiIPA #142 |
VOICED UVULAR FRICATIVE
⠔⠼
Latin symbol inverted small capital RIPA #143 |
VOICELESS PHARYNGEAL FRICATIVE
⠖⠓
Latin symbol barred HIPA #144
VOICELESS EPIGLOTTAL FRICATIVE
⠔⠓
Latin symbol small capital HIPA #172 |
VOICED PHARYNGEAL FRICATIVE (or APPROXIMANT)
⠖⠆
Latin symbol reversed glottal stopIPA #145
VOICED EPIGLOTTAL FRICATIVE (or APPROXIMANT)
⠔⠆
Latin symbol barred reversed glottal stopIPA #174 |
VOICELESS GLOTTAL FRICATIVE
⠓
Latin symbol lowercase HIPA #146 |
VOICED GLOTTAL FRICATIVE
⠦⠓
Latin symbol hook-top HIPA #147 |
| Approximant |
VOICELESS BILABIAL APPROXIMANT
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED BILABIAL APPROXIMANT
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS LABIODENTAL APPROXIMANT
⠦⠧⠠⠫
Latin symbols cursive V, & under-ringIPA #150 & #402A |
VOICED LABIODENTAL APPROXIMANT
⠦⠧
Latin symbol cursive VIPA #150 |
VOICELESS DENTAL APPROXIMANT
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED DENTAL APPROXIMANT
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT
⠼⠠⠫
Latin symbols turned R & under-ringIPA #151 & #402A |
VOICED ALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT
⠼
Latin symbol turned RIPA #151 |
VOICELESS PALATO-ALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PALATO-ALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS RETROFLEX APPROXIMANT
⠲⠼⠈⠫
Latin symbols turned R with right-tail & over-ringIPA #152 & #402B |
VOICED RETROFLEX APPROXIMANT
⠲⠼
Latin symbols turned R with right-tailIPA #152 |
VOICELESS PALATAL APPROXIMANT
⠚⠈⠫
Latin symbols lowercase J & over-ringIPA #153 & #402B VOICELESS LABIAL-PALATAL APPROXIMANT
⠲⠓⠈⠫
Latin symbols turned H & over-ringIPA #171 & #402B |
VOICED PALATAL APPROXIMANT
⠚
Latin symbol lowercase JIPA #153 VOICED LABIAL-PALATAL APPROXIMANT
⠲⠓
Latin symbol turned HIPA #171 |
VOICELESS VELAR APPROXIMANT
⠦⠍⠈⠫
Latin symbols turned M with long leg & over-ringIPA #154 & #402B
VOICELESS LABIAL-VELAR FRICATIVE (or APPROXIMANT)
⠖⠺
Latin symbol turned WIPA #169 |
VOICED VELAR APPROXIMANT
⠦⠍
Latin symbol turned M with long legIPA #154
VOICED LABIAL-VELAR APPROXIMANT
⠺
Latin symbol lowercase WIPA #170 |
VOICELESS UVULAR APPROXIMANT
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED UVULAR APPROXIMANT
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS PHARYNGEAL APPROXIMANT
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PHARYNGEAL APPROXIMANT
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS GLOTTAL APPROXIMANT
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICED GLOTTAL APPROXIMANT
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
| Lateral approximant |
VOICELESS BILABIAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICED BILABIAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS LABIODENTAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICED LABIODENTAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS DENTAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
⠇⠠⠹⠠⠫
Latin symbols lowercase L, subscript bridge & under-ringIPA #155, #408 & #402A |
VOICED DENTAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
⠇⠠⠹
Latin symbols lowercase L & subscript bridgeIPA #155 & #408 |
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT
⠇⠠⠫
Latin symbols lowercase L & under-ringIPA #155 & #402A
VELARIZED VOICELESS ALVEOLAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT
⠖⠇⠠⠫
Latin symbol lowercase L with tilde & under-ringIPA #209 & #402A |
VOICED ALVEOLAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT
⠇
Latin symbol lowercase LIPA #155
VELARIZED VOICED ALVEOLAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT
⠖⠇
Latin symbol lowercase L with tildeIPA #209 |
VOICELESS PALATO-ALVEOLAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PALATO-ALVEOLAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS RETROFLEX LATERAL APPROXIMANT
⠲⠇⠈⠫
Latin symbols right-tail L & over-ringIPA #156 & #402B |
VOICED RETROFLEX LATERAL APPROXIMANT
⠲⠇
Latin symbol right-tail LIPA #156 |
VOICELESS PALATAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
⠦⠽⠠⠫
Latin symbols turned Y & under-ringIPA #157 & #402A |
VOICED PALATAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
⠦⠽
Latin symbol turned YIPA #157 |
VOICELESS VELAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT
⠔⠇⠠⠫
Latin symbols small capital L & under-ringIPA #158 & #402A |
VOICED VELAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT
⠔⠇
Latin symbol small capital LIPA #158 |
VOICELESS UVULAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED UVULAR LATERAL APPROXIMANT
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS PHARYNGEAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICED PHARYNGEAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS GLOTTAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
VOICED GLOTTAL LATERAL APPROXIMANT
No symbol; articulation considered impossible |
NON-PULMONIC CONSONANTS
- In this table, the listed consonants are produced with velaric or glottalic airflow.
- Column headers show place of articulation. Row headers show manner of articulation.
- Cells marked ⠀ denote articulations judged possible, but with no standalone IPA symbol.
- Cells marked ❌ denote articulations judged impossible.
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar or Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | |
| Oral click |
VOICELESS BILABIAL ORAL CLICK
⠅⠐⠯⠏
Latin symbols lowercase K, top tie bar & bull’s eyeIPA #109, #433 & #176 |
VOICED BILABIAL ORAL CLICK
⠛⠐⠯⠏
Latin symbols open-tail G, top tie bar & bull’s eyeIPA #110, #433 & #176 |
VOICELESS LABIODENTAL ORAL CLICK
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED LABIODENTAL ORAL CLICK
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS DENTAL ORAL CLICK
⠅⠐⠯⠹
Latin symbols lowercase K, top tie bar & pipeIPA #109, #433 & #177 |
VOICED DENTAL ORAL CLICK
⠛⠐⠯⠹
Latin symbols lowercase G, top tie bar & pipeIPA #110, #433 & #177 |
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR LATERAL ORAL CLICK
⠅⠐⠯⠇
Latin symbols lowercase K, top tie bar & double pipeIPA #109, #433 & #180 |
VOICED ALVEOLAR LATERAL ORAL CLICK
⠛⠐⠯⠇
Latin symbols lowercase G, top tie bar & double pipeIPA #110, #433 & #180 |
VOICELESS PALATO-ALVEOLAR ORAL CLICK
⠅⠐⠯⠱
Latin symbols lowercase K, top tie bar & double-barred pipeIPA #109, #433 & #179
VOICELESS POST-ALVEOLAR ORAL CLICK
⠅⠐⠯⠞
Latin symbols lowercase K, top tie bar & exclamation pointIPA #109, #433 & #178 |
VOICED PALATO-ALVEOLAR ORAL CLICK
⠛⠐⠯⠱
Latin symbols lowercase G, top tie bar & double-barred pipeIPA #110, #433 & #179
VOICED POST-ALVEOLAR ORAL CLICK
⠛⠐⠯⠞
Latin symbols lowercase G, top tie bar & exclamation pointIPA #110, #433 & #178 |
Unofficial symbol
VOICELESS RETROFLEX ORAL CLICK ⠅⠐⠲⠯
Latin symbols lowercase K, top tie bar & retroflex click with retroflex hookIPA #109, #433 & unassigned |
Unofficial symbol
VOICED RETROFLEX ORAL CLICK ⠛⠐⠲⠯
Latin symbols lowercase G, top tie bar & retroflex click with retroflex hookIPA #110, #433 & unassigned |
VOICELESS PALATAL ORAL CLICK
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PALATAL ORAL CLICK
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS VELAR ORAL CLICK
Not applicable; every click sound requires two distinct places of articulation — velar (or uvular) and another |
VOICED VELAR ORAL CLICK
Not applicable; every click sound requires two distinct places of articulation — velar (or uvular) and another |
VOICELESS UVULAR ORAL CLICK
Not applicable; every click sound requires two distinct places of articulation — velar (or uvular) and another |
VOICED UVULAR ORAL CLICK
Not applicable; every click sound requires two distinct places of articulation — velar (or uvular) and another |
| Nasal click |
VOICELESS BILABIAL NASAL CLICK
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED BILABIAL NASAL CLICK
⠫⠐⠯⠏
Latin symbols eng, top tie bar & bull’s eyeIPA #119, #433 & #176 |
VOICELESS LABIODENTAL NASAL CLICK
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED LABIODENTAL NASAL CLICK
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS DENTAL NASAL CLICK
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED DENTAL NASAL CLICK
⠫⠐⠯⠹
Latin symbols eng, top tie bar & pipeIPA #119, #433 & #177 |
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR LATERAL NASAL CLICK
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED ALVEOLAR LATERAL NASAL CLICK
⠫⠐⠯⠇
Latin symbols eng, top tie bar & double pipeIPA #119, #433 & #180 |
VOICELESS PALATO-ALVEOLAR and POST-ALVEOLAR NASAL CLICKS
No standalone symbols; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PALATO-ALVEOLAR NASAL CLICK
⠫⠐⠯⠱
Latin symbols eng, top tie bar & double-barred pipeIPA #119, #433 & #179
VOICED POST-ALVEOLAR NASAL CLICK
⠫⠐⠯⠞
Latin symbols eng, top tie bar & exclamation pointIPA #119, #433 & #178 |
VOICELESS RETROFLEX NASAL CLICK
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
Unofficial symbol
VOICED RETROFLEX NASAL CLICK
⠫⠐⠲⠯
Latin symbols eng, top tie bar & retroflex click with retroflex hookIPA #119, #433 & unassigned |
VOICELESS PALATAL NASAL CLICK
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PALATAL NASAL CLICK
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS VELAR NASAL CLICK
Not applicable; every click sound requires two distinct places of articulation — velar (or uvular) and another |
VOICED VELAR NASAL CLICK
Not applicable; every click sound requires two distinct places of articulation — velar (or uvular) and another |
VOICELESS UVULAR NASAL CLICK
Not applicable; every click sound requires two distinct places of articulation — velar (or uvular) and another |
VOICED UVULAR NASAL CLICK
Not applicable; every click sound requires two distinct places of articulation — velar (or uvular) and another |
| Implosive |
VOICELESS BILABIAL IMPLOSIVE
⠦⠃⠠⠫
Latin symbol hooktop B with under-ringIPA #160 & #402A |
VOICED BILABIAL IMPLOSIVE
⠦⠃
Latin symbol hooktop BIPA #160 |
VOICELESS LABIODENTAL IMPLOSIVE
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED LABIODENTAL IMPLOSIVE
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS DENTAL IMPLOSIVE
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED DENTAL IMPLOSIVE
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR IMPLOSIVE
⠦⠙⠠⠫
Latin symbol hooktop D & under-ringIPA #162 & #402A |
VOICED ALVEOLAR IMPLOSIVE
⠦⠙
Latin symbol hooktop DIPA #162 |
VOICELESS PALATO-ALVEOLAR (or POST-ALVEOLAR) IMPLOSIVE
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
VOICED PALATO-ALVEOLAR (or POST-ALVEOLAR) IMPLOSIVE
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
Unofficial symbol
VOICELESS RETROFLEX IMPLOSIVE
⠦⠲⠙⠠⠫
Latin symbol hooktop right-tail D & under-ringIPA #219 & #402A |
Unofficial symbol
VOICED RETROFLEX IMPLOSIVE
⠦⠲⠙
Latin symbol hooktop right-tail DIPA #219 |
VOICELESS PALATAL IMPLOSIVE
⠦⠔⠚⠈⠫
Latin symbol hooktop barred dotless J & over-ringIPA #164 & #402B |
VOICED PALATAL IMPLOSIVE
⠦⠔⠚
Latin symbol hooktop barred dotless JIPA #164 |
VOICELESS VELAR IMPLOSIVE
⠦⠛⠈⠫
Latin symbol hooktop G & over-ringIPA #166 & #402B |
VOICED VELAR IMPLOSIVE
⠦⠛
Latin symbol hooktop GIPA #166 |
VOICELESS UVULAR IMPLOSIVE
⠦⠔⠛⠠⠫
Latin symbol hooktop small capital G & under-ringIPA #168 & #402A |
VOICED UVULAR IMPLOSIVE
⠦⠔⠛
Latin symbol hooktop small capital GIPA #168 |
| Ejective |
VOICELESS BILABIAL EJECTIVE STOP
⠏⠐⠄
Latin symbols lowercase P & apostropheIPA #101 & #401
VOICELESS BILABIAL EJECTIVE FRICATIVE
⠨⠋⠐⠄
Latin symbols lowercase phi & apostropheIPA #101 & #126 |
VOICED BILABIAL EJECTIVES
No symbols; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS LABIODENTAL EJECTIVE FRICATIVE
⠋⠐⠄
Latin symbols lowercase F & apostropheIPA #128 & #401 |
VOICED LABIODENTAL EJECTIVES
No symbols; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS DENTAL EJECTIVE FRICATIVE
⠨⠹⠐⠄
Latin symbols theta & apostropheIPA #130 & #401 |
VOICED DENTAL EJECTIVES
No symbols; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR EJECTIVE STOP
⠞⠐⠄
Latin symbols lowercase T & apostropheIPA #103 & #401
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR EJECTIVE FRICATIVE
⠎⠐⠄
Latin symbols lowercase S & apostropheIPA #132 & #401
VOICELESS ALVEOLAR LATERAL EJECTIVE FRICATIVE
⠦⠇⠐⠄
Latin symbols belted L & apostropheIPA #148 & #401 |
VOICED ALVEOLAR EJECTIVES
No symbols; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS PALATO-ALVEOLAR EJECTIVE FRICATIVE
⠱⠐⠄
Latin symbols esh & apostropheIPA #134 & #401 |
VOICED PALATO-ALVEOLAR EJECTIVES
No symbols; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS RETROFLEX EJECTIVE STOP
⠲⠞⠐⠄
Latin symbols right-tail T & apostropheIPA #105 & #401 |
VOICED RETROFLEX EJECTIVES
No symbols; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS PALATAL EJECTIVE STOP
⠉⠐⠄
Latin symbols lowercase C & apostropheIPA #107 & #401 |
VOICED PALATAL EJECTIVES
No symbols; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS VELAR EJECTIVE STOP
⠅⠐⠄
Latin symbols lowercase K & apostropheIPA #109 & #401
VOICELESS VELAR EJECTIVE FRICATIVE
⠭⠐⠄
Latin symbols lowercase X & apostropheIPA #140 & #401 |
VOICED VELAR EJECTIVES
No symbols; articulation considered impossible |
VOICELESS UVULAR EJECTIVE STOP
⠟⠐⠄
Latin symbols lowercase Q & apostropheIPA #111 & #401
VOICELESS UVULAR EJECTIVE FRICATIVE
⠨⠯⠐⠄
Latin symbols lowercase X & apostropheIPA #142 & #401 |
VOICED UVULAR EJECTIVES
No symbols; articulation considered impossible |
VOWELS
- In this table, column headers show vowel backness. Row headers show vowel height.
- Cells marked ⠀ denote articulations judged possible, but with no standalone IPA symbol.
| Front & near-front | Central | Back & near-back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
| High (Close) |
HIGH (or CLOSE) FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL
⠊
Latin symbol lowercase IIPA #301 |
HIGH (or CLOSE) FRONT ROUNDED VOWEL
⠽
Latin symbol lowercase YIPA #309 |
HIGH (or CLOSE) CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL
⠴⠊
Latin symbol barred IIPA #317 |
HIGH (or CLOSE) CENTRAL ROUNDED VOWEL
⠴⠥
Latin symbol barred UIPA #318 |
HIGH (or CLOSE) BACK UNROUNDED VOWEL
⠖⠥
Latin symbol turned MIPA #316 |
HIGH (or CLOSE) BACK ROUNDED VOWEL
⠥
Latin symbol lowercase UIPA #308 |
| Near-high (Near-close) |
NEAR-HIGH (or NEAR-CLOSE) NEAR-FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL
⠌
Latin symbol small capital IIPA #319 |
NEAR-HIGH (or NEAR-CLOSE) NEAR-FRONT ROUNDED VOWEL
⠔⠽
Latin symbol small capital YIPA #320 |
NEAR-HIGH (or NEAR-CLOSE) CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
NEAR-HIGH (or NEAR-CLOSE) CENTRAL ROUNDED VOWEL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
NEAR-HIGH (or NEAR-CLOSE) NEAR-BACK UNROUNDED VOWEL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
NEAR-HIGH (or NEAR-CLOSE) NEAR-BACK ROUNDED VOWEL
⠷
Latin symbol upsilonIPA #321 |
| Mid-high (Close-mid) |
MID-HIGH (or CLOSE-MID) FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL
⠑
Latin symbol lowercase EIPA #302 |
MID-HIGH (or CLOSE-MID) FRONT ROUNDED VOWEL
⠳
Latin symbol slashed OIPA #310 |
MID-HIGH (or CLOSE-MID) CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL
⠖⠑
Latin symbol reversed EIPA #397 |
MID-HIGH (or CLOSE) CENTRAL ROUNDED VOWEL
⠴⠕
Latin symbol barred OIPA #323 |
MID-HIGH (or CLOSE-MID) BACK UNROUNDED VOWEL
⠖⠕
Latin symbol ram’s hornsIPA #315 |
MID-HIGH (or CLOSE-MID) BACK ROUNDED VOWEL
⠕
Latin symbol lowercase OIPA #307 |
| Mid |
MID CENTRAL VOWEL
⠢
Latin symbol schwaIPA #322 |
|||||
| Mid-low (Open-mid) |
MID-LOW (or CLOSE-MID) FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL
⠜
Latin symbol epsilonIPA #303 |
MID-LOW (or CLOSE-MID) FRONT ROUNDED VOWEL
⠪
Latin symbol lowercase O–E ligatureIPA #311 |
MID-LOW (or CLOSE-MID) CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL
⠖⠜
Latin symbol reversed epsilonIPA #326 |
MID-LOW (or CLOSE-MID) CENTRAL ROUNDED VOWEL
⠦⠜
Latin symbol closed reversed epsilonIPA #395 |
MID-LOW (or CLOSE-MID) BACK UNROUNDED VOWEL
⠬
Latin symbol turned VIPA #314 |
MID-LOW (or CLOSE-MID) BACK ROUNDED VOWEL
⠣
Latin symbol open OIPA #306 |
| Near-low (Near-open) |
NEAR-LOW (or NEAR-OPEN) FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL
⠩
Latin symbol ash; or, lowercase A–E ligatureIPA #325 |
NEAR-LOW (or NEAR-OPEN) FRONT ROUNDED VOWEL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
NEAR-LOW (or NEAR-OPEN) CENTRAL VOWEL
⠖⠁
Latin symbol turned AIPA #324 |
NEAR-LOW (or NEAR-OPEN) BACK UNROUNDED VOWEL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
NEAR-LOW (or NEAR-OPEN) BACK ROUNDED VOWEL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
|
| Low (Open) |
LOW (or OPEN) FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL
⠁
Latin symbol lowercase AIPA #304 |
LOW (or OPEN) FRONT ROUNDED VOWEL
⠔⠪
Latin symbol small capital O–E ligatureIPA #312 |
LOW (or OPEN) CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
LOW (or OPEN) CENTRAL ROUNDED VOWEL
No standalone symbol; use existing symbols with appropriate diacritics |
LOW (or OPEN) BACK UNROUNDED VOWEL
⠡
Latin symbol script AIPA #305 |
LOW (or OPEN) BACK ROUNDED VOWEL
⠖⠡
Latin symbol turned script AIPA #313 |
DIACRITICS
In this table, alternating rows list IPA symbols, and examples for those symbols.
Latin IPA diacritics may be placed above a base symbol with a descender : ⠫⠈⠫
Braille IPA diacritics may begin with ⠈ ⠐ or ⠠ where the equivalent Latin IPA diacritic is positioned above, through, or below a base symbol
: ⠁⠈⠻
⠵⠐⠻
⠁⠠⠻
In this table, alternating rows list IPA symbols, and examples for those symbols.
Latin IPA diacritics may be placed above a base symbol with a descender : ⠫⠈⠫
Braille IPA diacritics may begin with ⠈ ⠐ or ⠠ where the equivalent Latin IPA diacritic is positioned above, through, or below a base symbol
: ⠁⠈⠻
⠵⠐⠻
⠁⠠⠻
| Symbol |
Voiceless
VOICELESS
⠠⠫
or
⠈⠫
Latin symbol under-ringIPA #402A or Latin symbol over-ring IPA #402B |
Voiced
VOICELESS
⠠⠦
Latin symbol subscript wedgeIPA #403 |
Aspirated
ASPIRATED
⠈⠓
Latin symbol superscript HIPA #404 |
More rounded
MORE ROUNDED
⠠⠕
Latin symbol subscript right half-ringIPA #411 |
Less rounded
LESS ROUNDED
⠠⠪
Latin symbol subscript left half-ringIPA #412 |
Advanced
ADVANCED
⠠⠬
Latin symbol subscript plusIPA #413 |
Retracted
RETRACTED
⠠⠤
Latin symbol under-barIPA #414 |
Centralized
CENTRALIZED
⠈⠒
Latin symbol umlautIPA #415 |
Mid-centralized
MID-CENTRALIZED
⠈⠭
Latin symbol over-crossIPA #416 |
Syllabic
SYLLABIC
⠠⠆
Latin symbol syllabicity markIPA #431 |
Non-syllabic
NON-SYLLABIC
⠠⠾
Latin symbol subscript archIPA #432 |
Rhoticity
RHOTICITY
⠐⠗
Latin symbol right hookIPA #419 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example |
⠝⠠⠫ ⠙⠠⠫
|
⠎⠠⠦ ⠞⠠⠦
|
⠞⠈⠓ ⠙⠈⠓
|
⠣⠠⠕
|
⠣⠠⠪
|
⠥⠠⠬
|
⠑⠠⠤
|
⠑⠈⠒
|
⠑⠈⠭
|
⠝⠠⠆
|
⠑⠠⠾
|
⠢⠐⠗ ⠁⠐⠗
|
| Symbol |
Breathy voiced
BREATHY VOICED
⠠⠒
Latin symbol subscript umlautIPA #405 |
Creaky voiced
CREAKY VOICED
⠠⠻
Latin symbol subscript tildeIPA #406 |
Linguolabial
LINGUOLABIAL
⠠⠯
Latin symbol subscript seagullIPA #407 |
Labialized
LABIALIZED
⠈⠺
Latin symbol superscript WIPA #420 |
Palatalized
PALATALIZED
⠈⠚
Latin symbol superscript JIPA #421 |
Velarized
VELARIZED
⠈⠨⠛
Latin symbol superscript gammaIPA #422 |
Pharyngealized
PHARYNGEALIZED
⠈⠖⠆
Latin symbol superscript reversed glottal stopIPA #423 |
Velarized or pharyngealized
VELARIZED OR PHARYNGEALIZED
⠐⠻
Latin symbol superimposed tildeIPA #428 |
Raised
RAISED
⠠⠜
Latin symbol raising signIPA #429 |
Lowered
LOWERED
⠠⠣
Latin symbol lowering signIPA #430 |
Advanced tongue root
ADVANCED TONGUE ROOT
⠠⠱
Latin symbol advancing signIPA #417 |
Retracted tongue root
RETRACTED TONGUE ROOT
⠠⠎
Latin symbol retracting signIPA #418 |
| Example |
⠃⠠⠒ ⠁⠠⠒
|
⠃⠠⠻ ⠁⠠⠻
|
⠞⠠⠯ ⠙⠠⠯
|
⠞⠈⠺ ⠙⠈⠺
|
⠞⠈⠚ ⠙⠈⠚
|
⠞⠈⠨⠛ ⠙⠈⠨⠛
|
⠞⠈⠖⠆ ⠙⠈⠖⠆
|
⠞⠐⠻
|
⠑⠠⠜
(⠼⠠⠜ = voiced alveolar fricative) |
⠑⠠⠣
(⠨⠃⠠⠣ = voiced bilabial approximant) |
⠑⠠⠱
|
⠑⠠⠎
|
| Symbol |
Dental
DENTAL
⠠⠹
Latin symbol subscript bridgeIPA #408 |
Apical
APICAL
⠠⠖⠹
Latin symbol inverted subscript bridgeIPA #409 |
Laminal
LAMINAL
⠠⠶
Latin symbol subscript squareIPA #410 |
Nasalized
NASALIZED
⠈⠻
Latin symbol superscript tildeIPA #424 |
Nasal release
NASAL RELEASE
⠈⠝
Latin symbol superscript NIPA #425 |
Lateral release
LATERAL RELEASE
⠈⠇
Latin symbol superscript LIPA #426 |
No audible release
NO AUDIBLE RELEASE
⠈⠙
Latin symbol cornerIPA #427 |
Tie bar
TIE BAR
⠀⠐⠀
Latin symbol top tie barIPA #433 or Latin symbol bottom tie bar IPA #509 |
Phonemic transcription
PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION
⠘⠌⠀⠘⠌
Latin symbol slashIPA #903 |
Phonetic transcription
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION
⠘⠷⠀⠘⠾
Latin symbols left & right square bracketsIPA #901 & #902 |
||
| Example |
⠞⠠⠹ ⠙⠠⠹
|
⠞⠠⠖⠹ ⠙⠠⠖⠹
|
⠞⠠⠶ ⠙⠠⠶
|
⠑⠈⠻
|
⠙⠈⠝
|
⠙⠈⠇
|
⠙⠈⠙
|
⠞⠐⠎ ⠅⠐⠏
|
⠘⠌⠸⠃⠃⠖⠡⠞⠢⠇⠘⠌ ⠘⠷⠸⠃⠃⠖⠡⠖⠗⠖⠇⠠⠆⠘⠾
|
|||
SUPRASEGMENTALS
In this table, the first row lists IPA symbols. Second row has examples for certain symbols.
In this table, the first row lists IPA symbols. Second row has examples for certain symbols.
| Symbol |
Primary stress
PRIMARY STRESS
⠸⠃
Latin symbol vertical stroke (superior)IPA #501 |
Secondary stress
SECONDARY STRESS
⠸⠆
Latin symbol vertical stroke (inferior)IPA #502 |
Long
LONG
⠒
Latin symbol length markIPA #503 |
Half-long
HALF-LONG
⠐⠂
Latin symbol half-length markIPA #504 |
Extra-short
EXTRA-SHORT
⠈⠷
Latin symbol breveIPA #505 |
Minor group (foot)
MINOR GROUP (FOOT)
⠸⠳
Latin symbol vertical line (thick)IPA #507 |
Major group (intonation)
MAJOR GROUP (INTONATION)
⠸⠿
Latin symbol double vertical line (thick)IPA #508 |
Syllable break
SYLLABLE BREAK
⠄
Latin symbol periodIPA #506 |
Linking (absence of break)
LINKING (ABSENCE OF BREAK)
⠸⠇
Latin symbol bottom tie barIPA #509 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example |
⠸⠆⠋⠕⠐⠷⠝⠢⠸⠃⠞⠌⠱⠢⠝
|
⠑⠒
|
⠑⠐⠂
|
⠑⠈⠷
|
⠼⠊⠄⠩⠅⠞
|
⠵⠸⠇⠁
|
|||
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
In this table, the first row lists level tones. Second row lists contour tones.
In this table, the first row lists level tones. Second row lists contour tones.
|
Level tone
|
Extra high
EXTRA HIGH LEVEL TONE (ACCENT MARK)
⠈⠠⠌
Latin symbol double acute accent (over)IPA #512
EXTRA HIGH LEVEL TONE (CHAO LETTER)
⠸⠈⠉
Latin symbol extra-high tone letterIPA #519 |
High
HIGH LEVEL TONE (ACCENT MARK)
⠈⠌
Latin symbol acute accent (over)IPA #513
HIGH LEVEL TONE (CHAO LETTER)
⠸⠉
Latin symbol high tone letterIPA #520 |
Mid
MID LEVEL TONE (ACCENT MARK)
⠈⠉
Latin symbol macronIPA #514
MID LEVEL TONE (CHAO LETTER)
⠸⠒
Latin symbol mid tone letterIPA #521 |
Low
LOW LEVEL TONE (ACCENT MARK)
⠈⠡
Latin symbol grave accent (over)IPA #515
LOW LEVEL TONE (CHAO LETTER)
⠸⠤
Latin symbol low tone letterIPA #522 |
Extra low
EXTRA LOW LEVEL TONE (ACCENT MARK)
⠈⠠⠡
Latin symbol double grave accent (over)IPA #516
EXTRA LOW LEVEL TONE (CHAO LETTER)
⠸⠠⠤
Latin symbol extra-low tone letterIPA #523 |
Downstep
DOWNSTEP
⠸⠮
Latin symbol down arrowIPA #517 |
Upstep
UPSTEP
⠸⠫
Latin symbol up arrowIPA #518 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Contour tone
|
Rising
RISING CONTOUR TONE (ACCENT MARK)
⠈⠦
Latin symbol wedge or háčekIPA #524
RISING CONTOUR TONE (CHAO LETTER)
⠸⠌
Latin symbol rising tone letterIPA #529 |
Falling
FALLING CONTOUR TONE (ACCENT MARK)
⠈⠩
Latin symbol circumflexIPA #525
FALLING CONTOUR TONE (CHAO LETTER)
⠸⠡
Latin symbol falling tone letterIPA #530 |
High rising
HIGH RISING CONTOUR TONE (ACCENT MARK)
⠈⠊
Latin symbol macron + acute accentIPA #526
HIGH RISING CONTOUR TONE (CHAO LETTER)
⠸⠊
Latin symbol high-rising tone letterIPA #531 |
Low rising
LOW RISING CONTOUR TONE (ACCENT MARK)
⠈⠔
Latin symbol grave accent + macronIPA #527
LOW RISING CONTOUR TONE (CHAO LETTER)
⠸⠔
Latin symbol low-rising tone letterIPA #532 |
Rising-falling
RISING-FALLING CONTOUR TONE (ACCENT MARK)
⠈⠲
Latin symbol grave + acute + grave accentIPA #528
RISING-FALLING CONTOUR TONE (CHAO LETTER)
⠸⠲
Latin symbol rising-falling tone letterIPA #533 |
Global rise
GLOBAL RISE
⠸⠙
Latin symbol upward diagonal arrowIPA #510 |
Global fall
GLOBAL FALL
⠸⠴
Latin symbol downward diagonal arrowIPA #511 |
Based on the Latin-script IPA Chart, © 2018 International Phonetic Association (available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License), and on the Braille-script IPA chart, edited by Robert Englebretson, PhD.
Bibliography
- Robert Englebretson (editor)
- IPA Braille: Overview, tables, and sample texts. International Council on English Braille
- Robert Englebretson
- An overview of IPA Braille: An updated tactile representation of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39(1): 67–86
- John Esling
- The IPA categories "pharyngeal" and "epiglottal". Language and Speech, 42(4): 349–372
- International Phonetic Association
- Handbook: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
- International Phonetic Association
- IPA Chart
- Steven Moran & Daniel McCloy (editors)
- PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Acknowledgements & thanks
- Heidi Lewington-Arblaster